1	1840-1889 Emphasis on Intelligent Citizenship From American Reading Instruction by Nila Banton Smith, pages 69-107
2	"1840’s saw move from intense..." 1840’s saw move from intense patriotism to preparing children to carry out their duties of citizenship Goal of education was to promote intelligent citizenship
3	Reading Instruction Texts included broader range of reading material US looked at German educator Pestalozzi Horace Mann became influential leader of the time and advocated Prussian education practices
4	Johann Pestalozzi Argued that children should learn by doing Proposed 'psychological method of instruction' that was in line with the 'laws of human nature” placed a special emphasis on spontaneity and self-activity Aim was to educate the whole child looked to balance, or keep in equilibrium, three elements - hands, heart and head
5	Horace Mann Criticized US reading instruction as boring Advocated for less drill and more “word methods” that used more pictures and objects that children found in their everyday lives
6	Reading Methods Expressive reading and elocution continued to be important Books (readers or primers) were carefully graded or leveled and broken into grade levels Upper grade readers decreased in amount of moral lessons and increased amount of informational text Reading became a means of obtaining information
7	1840-1850 Vigorous movement away from syllabarium and ABC method Reading instruction began with learning easy words rather than learning the alphabet
8	Word Method Affected beginning stages of instruction Child learned entire words during first weeks of reading instruction As soon as enough word were learned, phonics and spelling took over
9	Word Method Required more teaching materials Often there had to be a separate teachers’ manual
10	Alphabetic Approach Though Word Approach was talked about a lot, the alphabetic approach was not abandoned, mostly because there was years of tradition behind it?
11	McGuffey’s Readers Most popular reading series of the era and would dominate American schools for the next 40 years Only small amount of religious material in readers A few pages dedicated to moral behavior Lots of sentences about children and animals Lots of material to inspire patriotism Lots of repetition