•Direct reaction to ancient theories and developed at beginning of 18th century
•Learning was facilitated through a natural unfolding of the mind based on curiosity and interest
•Rather than cultivating the mind through mental discipline, some believed that cultivating feeling and passion through development of a natural unfolding of person interests was better
•Pestalozzi believed children need informal instruction from adults and created philosophy of child centeredness.
•Educational environment must be warm and nurturing
•Instruction based on student interests
•Reading instruction used familiar objects, pictures, and
storylines